Bibliography: LSD and Psychiatry

by Jeremy Burman

On Monday night, The National – the flagship news program of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation — aired a documentary about the history of LSD use in psychiatric practice. AHP has requested that the piece be posted online.  (An update will be posted if the file is made available.)  In the meantime, however, here is a new “augmented” bibliography.

LSD bibliography.

• Baumeister, R. F. & Placidi, K. S.  (1983).  A social history and analysis of the LSD controversy.  Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23(4), 25-58.

LSD is treated as a powerful drug whose mind-revealing effects embodied the potential for both psychological harm and personal insight. Predominant motives for LSD use appear to have shifted from desire for self-exploration to a desire for entertainment. Early LSD use, stimulated by curiosity and adventure seeking, focused on the personal, existential, and spiritual insights attributed (sometimes erroneously) to the drug. Opposition to LSD developed as LSD became a focus or symbol for generational conflict, parental worries, political dissent, irrational behavior and violence, personal cognitive dissonance, and threat to traditional values and institutions. LSD use declined because changes in the social conditions confronting youth created a desire for a type of drug experience LSD was ill-suited to provide, and because changes in users’ attitudes and preparations changed the nature of the LSD experience. The relation of drug preference to social conditions, the attributional biases concerning drugs, and the similarities between LSD proponents’ and opponents’ behavior are discussed.

• Buckman, J.  (1977).  Brainwashing, LSD, and CIA: Historical and ethical perspective.  International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 23(1), 8-19.

Reviews the history of various attempts at thought control and chemical warfare. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial and national espionage, and covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived and accentuated by the Vietnam War, the Middle East crisis, Watergate, the Central Intelligence Agency investigations, and the Patty Hearst trial. Historical perspectives and the ethical implications of these activities are explored. It is suggested that there is a growing level of individual and international mistrust that is complicating the issues of individual freedom, civil rights, and human experimentation.

• Mangini, M.  (1998).  Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: A review of the program of research.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(4), 381-418.

Explores the history of one branch of psychedelic research, the therapeutic use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism, and of the events that led to the relabeling of the hallucinogens as drugs of abuse. The observation that the frightening experience of delirium tremens sometimes led alcoholics to moderate their alcohol intake suggested to early psychedelic researchers that the “psychotomimetic” experience thought to be produced by LSD could be used to treat alcoholism. A number of hypothesis-generating studies employing a variety of research designs to examine this premise were completed, but relatively few controlled trials attempted hypothesis testing. After a 30-yr hiatus, this research is gradually being resumed, and there is renewed interest in the findings of previous studies.

• Neill, J. R.  (1987).  “More than medical significance”: LSD and American psychiatry 1953 to 1966.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 19(1), 39-45.

Describes the responses of members of the US psychiatry profession, as expressed in the mainstream professional literature from 1953 to 1966, to the use of LSD as an investigational drug in psychotherapy. The history of LSD in US psychiatry is documented, and points bearing on its relations to clients, the rest of medicine, and the government are discussed. LSD was first given to normal volunteers and to patients at one mental hospital. The goal was to produce a model psychosis against which certain antipsychotic drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine) could be tested. It is concluded that psychiatry’s psychedelic experience points to the limitations imposed by tending to bring laboratory methods into the clinic. It also blurred the boundaries of the profession between doctor and patient. The susceptibility of LSD researchers to political pressures during this period is noted.

• Siegel, R. K.  (1985).  LSD hallucinations: From ergot to electric Kool-Aid.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 17(4), 247-256.

Presents the natural history of LSD-type hallucinations. It is indicated that not all human encounters with LSD-like hallucinations were accidental or unpleasant. Religious, magical, and medical uses were employed by numerous cultural groups. The experimental analysis of drug-induced hallucinations is also discussed.

• Stafford, P.  (1985).  Re-creational uses of LSD.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 17(4), 219-228.

Describes the ways in which LSD has been used since its discovery in 1943. LSD was 1st used in experiments with schizophrenics and went on to become involved in psychotherapeutic treatment. In the 1960’s it was used recreationally by college students for purposes of “mind expansion.” How LSD became outlawed and possible future uses are described.

See also:

• Sessa, B.  (2005).  Can psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?.  British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(6), 457-458.

Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4,5-trimethoxy-?-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and their relations occur in abundance throughout the natural world, and have been used by humankind for thousands of years. In some cultures they are important tools for spiritual experiences, whereas in others they are labeled as dangerous drugs of misuse. What is less well known about these substances is the role they played in psychiatry for a brief historical interval. This article offers a short overview of this period and questions whether interest in these compounds might be emerging again.

1. jeremy Says:

1. 1. I should mention, too, that Aldous Huxley’s book — The Doors of Perception (1954) — is probably the most famous among the examinations of psychedelics. This first-person account is of a mescaline “trip,” but mediated by an interviewer. The result is not only interesting, but also freely available online: http://www.psychedelic-library.org/doors.htm

Obama się zaciągał

Dzisiaj narkobiznes i zwalczający go aparat represji zainteresowane są w gruncie rzeczy zachowaniem status quo. Kiedy narkotyki staną się problemem zdrowia publicznego, obu siłom odbierze się część władzy - mówi "Gazecie" Ethan Nadelmann, dyrektor amerykańskiej organizacji Drug Policy Alliance 

Maciej Stasiński: - Coś się zmienia w podejściu do narkotyków. Raport komisji latynoamerykańskiej podpisany przez byłego prezydenta Brazylii Fernando Henrique Cardosa zabiega m.in. o legalizację marihuany. 

Ethan Nadelmannn: - Od lat rozwija się ruch redukcji szkód oraz szerszy ruch na rzecz zmiany globalnej polityki narkotykowej. Raport Cardosa był przełomowy, bo pierwszy przeciwstawił się prohibicjonizmowi. W USA przełomem było to, że słowa "prohibicja" w kontekście narkotyków użyły w tytułach wielkie dzienniki - "New York Times" czy "The Wall Street Journal". Amerykanie zauważyli, że oprócz problemu narkotyków istnieje równoległy problem prohibicji. Przywołuje to oczywiste skojarzenia z prohibicją alkoholową, która poniosła klęskę. 

USA uchodzą za głównych heroldów wojny z narkotykami. Dlaczego po marnych doświadczeniach prohibicji alkoholowej USA upiera się przy niej? 

Ethan Nadelmann: - Odpowiedź składa się z czterech części: ignorancja, strach, przesądy i zysk. 

Ignorancja jest cechą powszechną, np. przekonanie, że heroina jest demoniczną substancją, że uzależnia o wiele bardziej niż papierosy. To nie jest prawda, tytoń uzależnia bardziej, to jest zbadane. Tyle tylko, że tytoń zabija wolniej, z reguły dopiero w starszym wieku.

Po drugie, strach. Rodzice chcą swoje dzieci umieścić pod szczelnym kloszem. Boją się, że narkotyki ten klosz stłuką. 

Przesądy są już bardziej typowo amerykańskim problemem. Powiem w skrócie. Gdybyśmy mieli w więzieniach więcej ludzi białych, nasza polityka narkotykowa zmieniłaby się już dawno. To taki bezwiedny rasizm. 

To, że jedne narkotyki: alkohol i tytoń, są legalne, a inne nie, stało się w wyniku historycznie uwarunkowanych decyzji. Nie miały one nic wspólnego z naturą substancji, lecz z tym, kogo uważano za jej głównego konsumenta.

Czy pan np. wie, jaka grupa w latach 70. była głównym konsumentem opium? Otóż białe kobiety w średnim wieku. Brały masowo laudanum, opium w płynie i uzależniały się o wiele bardziej niż od kawy. Ale to był legalny lek, nie rodził strachu i nie trafiał w przesądy. Za to kiedy do USA przyjechali Chińczycy ze swoimi fajkami do opium, zaraz podniosła się obawa: co też ci Chińczycy mogą nam złego zrobić?

Pierwsze ustawy antynarkotykowe przyjmowały Kalifornia, Nevada i inne stany Południa, a wymierzone były w ludność czarną i imigrantów z Meksyku. W XIX w. coca-cola zawierała kokainę, pierwsze ustawy antykokainowe uchwalono dopiero w pierwszej dekadzie XX w., bo zażywali jej czarni. A pierwsze ustawy przeciw marihuanie w drugiej dekadzie, z powodu Meksykanów. Byli obcy, czyli znowu strach.

Przecież nawet w prohibicji alkoholu chodziło o konflikt między białymi-białymi Amerykanami, którzy przyjechali z Europy Północnej i Zachodniej w XVIII w. i na początku XIX w., i tymi już nie tak białymi, którzy przyjechali z Europy Wschodniej i Południowej w końcu XIX w. i na początku XX, jak Polacy, Żydzi, Grecy, Włosi. 

Imigranci ci nie byli mile widziani jako siła robocza? 

- Pracodawcy się cieszyli, ludność już mniej. To tak jak dzisiaj z Meksykanami w USA. Oni zmieniają nasz sposób życia. Są zagrożeniem.

Picie alkoholu dziś nie jest już przestępstwem, póki nie jedziesz samochodem. Ale kokaina jest przestępstwem, nawet jak ją zażywasz w domu. Prawne rozróżnienie nie ma związku ze szkodliwością substancji, ale z tym, kto jej zażywa. To jest właśnie przesąd.

Uprzedzenie klasowe, etniczne, rasowe? 

- Szczególnie rasowe. Ale także pokoleniowe.W latach 70. mieliśmy zbuntowaną młodzież, która paliła marihuanę i brała LSD, starsze pokolenie się tego obawiało. Ale gdyby ci starsi wtedy sami brali LSD i palili trawę, a ci młodzi zaczęli pić, byłoby odwrotnie.

No i w końcu zysk. 

- W USA są dwie potężne siły. Pierwsza to związki zawodowe strażników więziennych. Druga to lobby prywatnego przemysłu więziennego, czyli firmy i ludzie, które budują i zarządzają więzieniami za wielkie pieniądze od rządu. Ten kompleks przemysłowy wart 100 mld dol. rocznie jest wielką siłą polityczną. Należą do niego m.in. prokuratorzy, dla których to bywa droga do polityki. W USA wielu polityków było kiedyś prokuratorami, np. Giuliani z Nowego Jorku. W Kalifornii nie ma polityka, który nie liczyłby się z kompleksem więziennym.

Dlaczego związek strażników więziennych miałby być zainteresowany represyjną polityką antynarkotykową? 

- Bo im więcej ludzi siedzi w więzieniach, tym więcej miejsc pracy i tym więcej zarabiają za nadgodziny. To najlepiej zarabiająca grupa budżetowa w Kalifornii.

Rok temu zorganizowałem referenda w połowie stanów na temat polityki narkotykowej, m.in. w Kalifornii. Projekt dotyczył legalizacji marihuany, zastąpienia kar więzienia dla zatrzymanych za posiadanie opieką medyczną i przedterminowego zwalniania już skazanych za dobre sprawowanie. Sondaże mówiły, że dwie trzecie obywateli było za naszym projektem. Ale on oznaczał odebranie więzieniom ok. miliarda dolarów rocznie i skierowanie go do opieki zdrowotnej. W Kalifornii zmniejszyłoby to liczbę więźniów z 200 do 175 tys. i zaoszczędziłby podatnikom kilka miliardów dolarów rocznie. Zwycięstwo było prawie pewne. Ale w ostatnim miesiącu kampanii związek strażników dał na kampanię przeciw dwa miliony dolarów, drugie dwa miliony zebrali od kasyn, browarów i Republikanów. I wygrali. 

Czy chce pan powiedzieć, że polityka narkotykowa dzisiaj niewiele ma wspólnego z wiedzą o skutkach zażywania narkotyków, a dużo z interesami różnych grup? 

- Tak. W stanie Nowy Jork w latach 80. i 90. zbudowano wiele nowych więzień, populacja więzienna wzrosła z 20 do ponad 70 tys. Większość więzień zbudowano w północnej części stanu. To biedne, wiejskie okręgi, nie ma nowych firm, uniwersytetów. Republikanie mówili: ośrodek badawczy, centrum handlowe - proszę bardzo. Ale miejsca pracy przyniosą nam dopiero nowe więzienia i kasyna. Wtedy trzeba będzie zbudować motele dla rodzin odwiedzających, restauracje i bary, rozwinąć usługi. 

Z prohibicją było podobnie. Po 14 latach uznaliśmy, że nic nie dała. Ale mentalność, która ją zrodziła, trwa do dziś.

Jest jeszcze czynnik quasi-religijny. Ruch na rzesz prohibicji był związany z ruchami religijnymi, głównie protestanckimi, które żywiły przekonanie, że moje ciało nie jest tak naprawdę moje, ale jest naczyniem bożym, które mam obowiązek utrzymywać w czystości.

No i w końcu jesteśmy społeczeństwem dobrobytu. Stać nas na finansowanie naszych przesądów i uprzedzeń, na nasze więzienia. USA mają mniej niż 5 proc. ludności świata, ale 25 proc. ludności za kratkami. W Ameryce w więzieniach siedzi 2,3 mln ludzi. Rosja jest druga. 

My, Amerykanie, wsadzamy ludzi za kraty łatwiej, trzymamy ich tam dłużej, a kiedy już wyjdą, traktujemy ich jak obywateli drugiej kategorii. Skazany za posiadanie heroiny w kilku stanach nie może już do końca życia głosować w wyborach. W innych musi uzyskać zezwolenie.
Co się zmieniło za Baracka Obamy? 

- Po pierwsze, mamy największy deficyt budżetowy od Wielkiej Depresji w latach 30. Pojawiła się więc presja na zmniejszenie populacji więziennej. Kilka tygodni temu parlament Kalifornii uchwalił reformę, która ma zmniejszyć liczbę więźniów. Bo deficyt budżetowy - jakieś 40 mld dol. - to już istne szaleństwo. Niedawno gubernator Schwarzenegger oświadczył nagle: - Potrzebujemy debaty na temat legalizacji narkotyków. Dlaczego? Bo jego spece od budżetu wyliczyli, że jak się zalegalizuje i opodatkuje marihuanę, to budżet zarobi ok. 1,3 mld dol. rocznie.

Najbardziej sławne w USA prawo narkotykowe zostało uchwalone w Nowym Jorku i nazywa się prawem Nelsona Rockefellera. Przez 12 lat walczyłem o zmianę tej ustawy. Wreszcie w tym roku udało nam się odnieść spore zwycięstwo. Dlaczego? Po pierwsze, Demokraci zastąpili Republikanów w senacie stanowym. A po drugie, mamy kryzys gospodarczy. Zwycięstwo polegało na znacznym zredukowaniu kar dla konsumentów i drobnych handlarzy, zapewnieniu uzależnionym lub skazanym opieki medycznej itd. Porzucenie przez USA prohibicji alkoholowej w 1933 r. też związane było z depresją gospodarczą.

Kolejny powód to fala przemocy w Meksyku - kraju strategicznego dla bezpieczeństwa USA. Ludzie zdali sobie sprawę z potęgi karteli meksykańskich. W grudniu gubernator Arizony, konserwatysta, oświadczył: - Ja co prawda nie popieram legalizacji marihuany, ale potrzebujemy debaty na ten temat. Dlaczego? Bo fachowcy policzyli, że połowa dochodów karteli meksykańskich jest z marihuany. W El Paso w Teksasie, na granicy z Meksykiem, rada miejska przyjęła w styczniu rezolucję wzywającą Kongres do debaty o legalizacji narkotyków. Bo na granicy szaleje przemoc karteli.

Kartele zarabiają na marihuanie? Nie na kokainie? 

- To możliwe. 

Kolejny powód zmian to oczywiście zmiana władzy z Republikanów na Demokratów w Kongresie USA. Wśród nich jest wyjątkowo dużo ludzi szczególnie postępowych w kwestii narkotyków. Nancy Pelosi, Barney Frank i inni potężni szefowie ważnych komisji rozumieją potrzebę zmian.

Na koniec, są obietnice, jakie w kampanii złożył sam Barack Obama. Mówił, że prawo jest zbyt represyjne i zbyt skierowane przeciw czarnym. Mówił, że marihuana może być uznanym lekarstwem. Że polityka nie może gwałcić ustaleń nauki. Że narkomania to sprawa bardziej zdrowia niż represji karnej. Z tych obietnic będzie się wywiązywał.

Pamiętajmy też, że ostatni trzej prezydenci zażywali narkotyki. Clinton jeszcze mówił, że palił trawkę, ale się nie zaciągał. Bush nie mówił nic, ale jego rzecznicy potwierdzali, że brał. Obamę zapytano, czy się zaciągał. Odpowiedział: - Owszem, a czyż nie o to w tym chodzi? To pokazuje zmianę mentalności.

Widać ją też w postępowaniu mojego pokolenia urodzonego w latach 50.i 60. Czego uczymy swoje dzieci? Marihuana? Pal sobie, ale lepiej wieczorem i nie za dużo. Alkohol? Okej, ale nigdy nie prowadź i nie przesadzaj. Halucynogenne? Jak chcesz, spróbuj, ale pod kontrolą. Papierosy? Mowy nie ma, chyba cię zabiję! Z tego nie sposób wyjść! 

To wszystko razem oznacza, że kierunek polityki się zmienia. Ale to musi potrwać, jak wtedy, kiedy skręca wielki okręt oceaniczny, powoli, po dużym kole. 
Wydaje się, że ruch na redukcji szkód, niestety, nie będzie miał wpływu na najgorsze zjawisko, czyli brutalny narkobiznes. 

- Wielkiego wpływu mieć nie będzie. Jedyną drogą, żeby poradzić sobie z narkobiznesem i międzynarodowymi kartelami, jest podążanie w stronę legalizacji.

Robi się małe kroki. Najpierw Szwajcaria, a potem kilka innych państw w Europie zalegalizowały ograniczony rynek narkotyków dla ludzi uzależnionych. Nie muszą kupować od mafii, ale w higienicznych warunkach w klinikach, a jeszcze to postępowanie ma tę zaletę, że zmienia pogląd ludzi na uzależnienie i zdejmuje z czarnego rynku tę atrakcyjną otoczkę zakazanego owocu. Nie sposób z dnia na dzień przejść ze świata prohibicji do świata legalizacji. Cele muszą być stopniowane i ograniczone.
USA uchodzą za największy rynek odbiorców odpowiedzialny za wzrost podaży w krajach produkujących. 

- Udział rynku USA w globalnym popycie na kokainę i heroinę spada. Afganistan jest największym producentem heroiny - ok. 90 proc. rynku światowego - ale tylko niewielka część trafia do USA. Jej największym konsumentem jest... Iran. 

Dzisiaj narkobiznes oraz zwalczający go aparat prawa i represji żywią się i napędzają wzajemnie, to dwie skrajne siły zainteresowane w gruncie rzeczy zachowaniem status quo, a nie rozwiązywaniem sedna sprawy, czyli kwestią zdrowia ludzi. Uczynienie z narkotyków przede wszystkim sprawy zdrowia publicznego odbierze obu siłom część władzy. To jest praca na pokolenia, ale konieczna. Być może przyszłość należy do syntetycznych narkotyków, farmakologii, nie do kokainy czy heroiny. I wtedy policja nie będzie miała nic do tego. Najważniejsza stanie się informacja o naturze i skutkach używania narkotyków i edukacja, nie ściganie.

Więcej... http://wyborcza.pl/narkopolacy/1,100609,7090756,Obama_sie_zaciagal.html?as=2&startsz=x#ixzz0u4rdkwhn

Cary Grant i LSD

Cary in the Sky with Diamonds

Cary Grant and third wife Betsy Drake on location for their 1952 movie, Room for One More. Opposite, at home in the 1950s. Her experiences with LSD therapy led him to try it. Photographs: Left, from The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Right, from The Everett Collection.

Before Timothy Leary and the Beatles, LSD was largely unknown and unregulated. But in the 1950s, as many as 100 Hollywood luminaries—Cary Grant and Esther Williams among them—began taking the drug as part of psychotherapy. With LSD research beginning a comeback, the authors recount how two Beverly Hills doctors promoted a new “wonder drug,” at $100 a session, profoundly altering the lives of their glamorous patients.

Cukierki LSD

LSD-Laced Candies Among Drugs At Forecastle, Police Say

By Kristen Drew/WLKY

LOUISVILLE Ky. -- 

• Images: Forecastle Festival Revs Up

Thousands of people filled Waterfront Park over the weekend to hear music at the three-day Forecastle Festival, but many were escorted out in handcuffs on suspicion of selling or possessing drugs.

Arrest citations showed "Molly" was one of the most common drugs officers seized at the Festival. "Molly" is a capsule or powder form of MDMA -- commonly known as Ecstasy.

According to one citation, a woman from Missouri is facing felony charges after she was found with 20 SweetTarts laced with LSD and 18 baggies of marijuana. The citation said the woman offered one gram of marijuana for $20 to an officer in plainclothes.

Stay with WLKY throughout the day for the latest and to find out how many arrests were made at Forecastle related to the sale or possession of illegal substances

Chemical Salvation: LSD! (A comic book story)

LSD & The Passion Of Christ

"Bad trips" on LSD result from the eleven-hour forced introspection that the drug creates. Most cannot stand to look that closely at themselves, certainly not for that long. That's why Leary and company were getting complete cures of psychotics after five or six guided LSD trips, of course, before the government stepped in and outlawed the drug. Well, this movie ["The Passion of Christ," by Mel Gibson] is like being on acid for two straight hours, only the subject isn't yourself, it is Jesus Christ. -- Edgar J. Steele

Ciekawy opis tripa LSD

LSD-25
Wiek: 21 lat
Doświadczenie: THC, MDMA, LSD-25
Kiedy: Wakacje 2009
http://neurogroove.info/trip/lsd-pamiatki-z-podrozy

Komu psychiatrzy przepisywali LSD

Before LSD became illegal, Beverly Hills psychiatrists gave LSD to Cary Grant, James Coburn, Jack
Nicholson, Novelist Anais Nin and filmmaker Stanley Kubrick.
A Brave New World Revisited
By Aldux Huxley (1958)
In The Brave New World (1931) of my fable there was no whisky, no tobacco, no illicit heroin, no bootlegged
cocaine. People neither smoked, nor drank, not sniffed, nor gave themselves injections. Whenever anyone felt
depressed or below par, he would swallow a tablet or two of a chemical compound called soma. The original
soma, from which I took the name of this hypothetical drug, was an unknown plant (possibly Asclepias acida)
used by the ancient Aryan invaders of India in one of the most solemn of their religious rites. The intoxicating
juice expressed from the stems of this plant was drunk by the priests and nobles in the course of an elaborate
ceremony. In the Vedic hymns we are told that the drinkers of soma were blessed in many ways. Their bodies
were strengthened, their hearts were filled with courage, joy and enthusiasm, their minds were enlightened
and in an immediate experience of eternal life they received the assurance of their immortality. …

In LSD-25 the pharmacologists have recently created another aspect of some – a perception-improver and
vision-producer that is, physiologically speaking, almost costless. This extraordinary drug, which is effective in
doses as small as fifty or even twenty-five millionths of a gram, has the power (like peyote) to transport people
into the other world. In the majority of cases, the other world to which LSD-25 gives access is heavenly;
alternatively it may by purgatorial or even infernal. But, positive or negative, the lysergic acid experience is felt
by almost everyone who undergoes it to be profoundly significant and enlightening. In any event, the fact that
minds can be changed so radically at so little cost to the body is altogether astonishing.

As well as tranquilizing, hallucinating and stimulating, the soma of my fable had the power of heightening
suggestibility, and so should be used to reinforce the effects of governmental propaganda.

In his 1954 book, The Doors of Perception, Aldus Huxley wrote of his mescaline experience: "But the man
who comes back through the Door in the Wall will never be the same as the man who went out. He will be
wiser but less cocksure, happier but less self satisfied, humbler in acknowledging his ignorance, yet better
equipped to understand the relationship of words to things, of systematic reasoning to the unfathomable
Mystery which it tries, forever vainly, to comprehend."

Jim Morrison got the idea for the name of his band from The Doors of Perception.

Słynni ludzie i LSD

Famous People & LSD

Abrams, Isaac – artist

Alpert, Richard aka Baba Ram Das – psychologist, author, guru

Anderson, Jon – lead singer of Yes , said he took LSD because Paul McCartney had but McCartney did
not like LSD , whereas Harrison & Lennon did (this schism caused disharmony among The Beatles ).

Atwell, Allen – artist

Barlow, John Perry – EFF founder

Barret, Syd – (and the rest of Pink Floyd )

Belushi, John – actor

The Beatles – musicians, see Jon Anderson and John Lennon

Black Sabbath – Ozzie Osborn , musicians

Bowie, David – pop musician, who basically lived with Andy Warhol during the 60's.

Burroughs, William – Beat Poet

Bush, Pres. George HW – former head of the CIA. The CIA experimented extensively with LSD and many
agents took it so they would know they were not going crazy if it was given to them. Bush Sr. always
appeared bright to me whereas his sons are dopes, crooks and cheaters.

Carlin, George – counterculture comedian

Carter, Jack -- son of former President Jimmy Carter, who is considering a Senate run in Nevada, was
kicked out of the Navy for using marijuana and LSD .

Carrol, Lewis – mathematician, photographer, author: "Alice in Wonderland" – (mushrooms)

Castanada, Carlos – anthropologist (hallucinogens)

Coburn, James – actor

Coleman, Ornette – He spoke very fondly about his LSD experiences

Coltrane, John – Jazz musician. To discern the inner spiritual beauty of late John Coltrane requires the ear
of faith - or perhaps some LSD , which the saxophonist was taking regularly by that time. Effectively, at that
point jazz had ceased to be a popular musical form, and became a cult. Coltrane wasn't just a hard act to
follow; he was impossible.

Corman, Roger – movie director

Crick, Francis -- Nobel Prize winner for structure of DNA, "Crick was high on LSD when he discovered the
secret of life," The Daily Mail (London), 8/8/2004.

Crosby, David

Crowley, Aleister – magician, author: "Magick Without Tears", "Moonchild", "The Book of Thoth", "Diary of
a Drug Fiend", "Theory of Magick"

Davis, Miles – ??? listen to Bitches Brew, On the Corner and LIVE EVIL

Ellis, Dock – baseball player. He mentions the incident in his autobiography. From an interview I saw on TV,
he said he wasn't in the rotation that day, so he dropped thinking he wouldn't be pitching. For some reason
he got called to the mound, didn't think it would be a good idea to confess to having dropped acid, and
pitched the game. I don't remember whether he was the winning pitcher, and I recall that someone else
mentioned he gave up quite a few walks, too. In the interview he said it was a pretty strange experience.

Ellis, Havelock – physician, author: "Psychology of Sex", essay: "Mezcal: A New Artificial Paradise" –
(peyote)

Eminem – Rap artist

Fisher, Carrie (aka Princess Leia) – She got to a point where she even checked herself in to Betty Ford
because she claimed she was addicted to LSD (obviously psychologically.) I recall from interviews I've seen
with Carrie that there was more involved in her addiction than LSD , I think that Percodan might have been
the other drug she did a lot, I could be wrong though. I do remember it was a very addictive drug, I think it was
an opiate, and I'm sure she probably quite a bit of cocaine as well. Carrie is a good writer, "Post Cards
From The Edge" is really a good novel, better than the movie in my opinion.

Fonda, Peter – actor appeared with Dennis Hopper : "They were passing cocaine around at meetings and
I just didn't want it. When I was doing Fallen Angels, Peter Fonda was talking about LSD and said, 'Come
on, Nancy, you should try it, it's great - I just woke up on the shelf of the linen closet.' " – Nancy Sinatra

Foucault, Michel lords over the fields of history, literary theory, queer theory, medicine, philosophy and
sociology, and his ideas have permeated society in general. His best-known theses, that the concept of
"truth" is relative, that "madness" is a cultural creation and that "history" is mere storytelling, are now familiar
fare at enlightened dinner parties (and those contemptuous inverted commas are mandatory).

Friedland, Robert – billionaire mining entrepreneur not only is planning on developing a major copper and
gold project there through his company Ivanhoe Mines Ltd, but he helped bail out Mongolia from its $11.4
billion debt to Russia. Friedland , best known for the discovery by one of his companies of the massive
Voisey's Bay nickel deposit in Canada in the early 1990s, said he expects by the end of the year a full
feasibility study for the open-pit portion of the project, from which banks assess whether it is worth financing.
About to turn 54, the Woodstock-generation Friedland is a colorful character in an industry with its fair share
of mavericks, loners and eccentrics. As a teenager he was arrested on charges of selling LSD to an
undercover cop, and in the 1970s he embarked on a tree farm business in Oregon with Apple Computer
founder Steve Jobs .

Garcia, Jerry – musician ( Grateful Dead ), philosopher.

Gates, Bill – reported to have used it a few times in college (see Playboy interview herein)

Grateful Dead – their sound guy was manufacturing most of the stuff in San Fran in the 60's ( Owsley also
supplied.)

Grey, Alan – who won an award for the album cover of the String Cheese Incident's "Untying the Not", said,
"I'd like to thank God and LSD and all the psychedelics for the beautiful visions of our infinite being.

Grey, Spaulding – actor, "Swimming to Cambodia." (Pol Pot, who believed in eliminating money was
slandered by devils. ( See Pol Pot quotation and reference on my website .)

Groff, Stanislav – Psychedelic psychiatrist, Author of LSD Psychotherepy.

Hagman, Larry – actor JR Ewing "Dallas", Captain Nelson "I Dream of Jeanie" porn star Jenna Jameson
(see below) did a parody, "I Dream of Jenna" • Hagman revealed he'd rather die than have a liver transplant:
part of his liver was removed last year after bacteria attacked his organs. The 72-year-old said: "I was on my
back for a month. My muscles atrophied. I didn't have any strength. They said if I did need one (a liver), then
they would put me on the (transplant) list. I said, 'Don't bother. I'm 72-years-old and I don't want to deprive
somebody of a new liver just because I'm greedy.' "I feel fine now. I am not afraid of death. I took LSD 40
years ago and had ego death. That took the fear of death away. "

Heffner, Hugh – Playboy (I'm just guessing.)

Hendrix, Jimi – musician, singer, legendary guitar player. Hendrix had everything – he had the vision, the
mentality and the will. What he didn't have was the self-discipline. His problem was, he didn't have the right
person, the right woman, to say: “Put this aside,” or “What do you see yourself doing 20 years from now?” [I
don't think Hendrix liked women, his songs were mean.] He was in Berkeley and I saw him, and I could see
he needed something he wasn't getting. Sometimes you need to step back from a circle of friends and
habits – as Coltrane and Miles did – into a period of just crystallising you existence. Otherwise, you become
a performing monkey: everyone gives you more cocaine and says you play like god, but one night you play a
genius and then the next night you suck. It's like Coltrane or Wayne Shorter or Herbie Hancock. Few
musicians take the time to crystalise their existence. Hendrix took LSD , like I did, but he never realised what
I did: that this is what you do but it's not what you are. – Carlos Santana

Hofmann , Albert – chemist, discovered LSD and became a proponent LSD . Shulgin asked Hofmann
what he thought of MDMA (Ecstasy). He replied, "Finally something I can do with my wife." Hofmann wanted
to market LSD in small doses as an antidepressant. Link to Hofmann website here .

Hopper, Dennis – actor appeared with Peter Fonda

Huxley, Aldous – author: "Brave New World", "Island", "Doors of Perception", Died day CIA Killed JFK . On
his deathbed he took 100 micrograms of LSD .

James, William – physician, philosopher (Peyote)

Jameson, Jenna – porn star, her brother said they liked to trip in the casinos of Las Vegas

Jolie, Angelina -- Actress, he's done Cocaine, E, LSD and heroin.

Jobs, Steve – co-creator of the Apple computer, the NeXt computer and former head of Apple Computers,
Inc.. Jobs was interviewed in "Time" Magazine (their "Year of the Computer" issue) about how (prior to
starting Apple) he had taken LSD and "heard a wheat field singing Bach to him" or a similar positive
reference. Said, "LSD was one of the three most significant events in my life." ( What the Dormouse Said:
How the 60's Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry", John Markoff, 2005)

Kapor, Vince – the inventor of Lotus 123. Of course, he has turned into one of those "... but I didn't really
*like* taking drugs ..." maggots of late.

Kesey, Ken – author: "One Flew Over the Coo-Coo's Nest", "Once a Great Notion", sold blotter-paper art

Kid Rock – musician

Kilmister, Lemmy -- MOTORHEAD wildman credits LSD with making him a more caring person.
The ACE OF SPADES singer claims his experiences while under the influence of acid opened his eyes to
the importance of treating everybody with respect. The 58-year-old says, "It's the only drug that really does
that. It made me more aware and helped me realise what other people are about.

King, Steven – has alluded a number of times (in his non-fiction writing such as 'Danse Macabre') to having
taken LSD , though I'm not sure he actually comes right out and says it. I would think he might be willing to
make a public statement, given the opinion of the government he's expressed in novels like 'Firestarter' and
'The Stand'.

Kubrick, Stanley – filmmaker

Leary, Timothy – psychologist, father of Transactional Analysis, software author: "Mindwheel". (See more of
Leary's quotations herein). Nixon considered Leary the "most dangerous man in America." See more on
Nixon's involvement in the coup d'etat in Dallas: CIA Killed JFK . Actress Uma Thurman 's mother, Nena was
once married to Leary. They divorced after only one year. Nena then married a devoted Buddhist named
Robert Thurman.

Leich, Donovan – musician

Lennon, John – ( Beatle ), revolutionary, likened unto Christ: "Instant Karma" "Imagine there's no country,
nothing to kill and die for." Lennon was murdered by a hypnorogrammed assassin , see, Who Killed John
Lennon ? , Fenton Bresler, 1989. (Sirhan Sirahn, the alleged assassin of Robert F. Kennedy was also
hypnoprogrammed, see evidence here .)

Lilly, Dr. John Cunningham – physician, scientist (electronics, dolphin communication, sensory
deprivation), philosopher, author: "Mind of the Dolphin", "Center of the Cyclone, "Programming and
Metaprogramming in the Human Bio-Computer." The movie "Altered States" was based on Dr. Lilly 's
experiments.

Love, Courtny -- musician. "Because I was given acid at four, I think my mind was freed. My father was this
shyster who would get money from the government to make LSD, and bad LSD." Love claims her father may
be responsible for an especially toxic batch of acid that made its way to California's Altamont Music Festival
in 1969, believed to be behind the deaths of four revellers. She explains, "Allegedly the brown acid at
Altamont was his. He can't go to Marin County (near San Francisco), because (he has) a hit out on him."

Manson, Marilyn – musician

Mitchell, Wier – physician, author: "Injuries of the Nerves and their Consequences" – (Peyote)

Moore, Marcia – Sheraton Hotel heiress, author: "Hypersentience", "Journeys into the Bright World"

Morrison, Jim – lead singer for The Doors realized the absurdity of MONEY and wearing clothes . See more
about Morrison here .

Mothers of Invention – musicians

Mullis, Dr. Kary – Nobel Prize winning DNA expert, and surfer. Mullis received a 1993 Nobel Prize for
single-handedly inventing the PCR reaction, one of the most important advances in molecular biology ever
made. When asked by a reporter what his hobbies were, he replied that they were surfing, chasing young
women, and using hallucinogenic drugs. (Hopefully not all at the same time.) He said this prior to receiving
his prize, and was told by a friend on the nominating committee that he had been up for consideration but
would not receive the prize until he cooled it with the LSD talk. He did cool it, and the next year got the prize. I
got this from an excerpt from his book "Dancing Through the Mind Field", which was on the Internet a couple
of years ago.

Nicholson, Jack – actor

Nin, Anais – writer, liberated woman

Nolte, Nick -- Actor: In the early Sixties, when Leary and Alpert were sending LSD around, a professor of
photography that I was working with had received a letter from them with instructions on how to take it. You
had to let go and realise they were all hallucinations. That way you're fine. So we would go out to the
desert, take the LSD and lay down in sleeping bags for eight hours. Ken Kesey said you could walk
around on it, but taking acid and going to a concert became a nightmare. ( LSD & MDMA are the best
drugs to take at a concert where there's plenty of room to dance. -- Raquel )

Osmond, Humphry – Psychiatrist, coined word, "psychedelic", gave Huxley mescaline, experimented with
LSD to cure alcoholism, see below

Santana, Carlos – musician, see Hendrix , above.

Shulgin, Alexander – PsychoPharmacologist/Chemist, author of PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story and
TIHKAL: The Continuation . The titles are acronyms: "Phenethylamines/Tryptamines I Have Known &
Loved". These volumes chronicle the author's psychedelic experiments and includes recipies for future
pioneers. Shulgin received a plaque from the Department of Justice for his "significant personal efforts to
help eliminate drug abuse." His wife, Ann says that he never planned to make money from his inventions.
He didn't mind helping the government put amphetamine or cocaine dealers in jail. Those drugs were "false
in some way," he says. "The sense of power they give is not real." They were only marginally better than
marijuana — in his opinion "a complete waste of time." [Yes, I prefer LSD to pot but . . .] On a neurochemical
level psychedelics release the same mood modifiers — such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine —
as many antidepressants. Shulgin is no longer calling his compounds psychedelics. His latest molecules
are better described as antidepressants, he says. See 10-page article about Shulgin in Playboy, March
2004.

Sklar-Weinstein, Arlene – artist

Smith, Adam – you know, the guy who hosts the TV show " Adam Smith 's money world" on public television.
In one of his earlier books, "Powers of Mind," he mentions his experiences with LSD in the context of
controlled, scientific experimentation and a bunch of other cool stuff, like the time he spent in the Arica
program, going to Esalen, and time he met Carlos Castenada.

Smith, Huston – pioneering religious scholar

Stone, Oliver – (director of "Platoon", "JFK", and much more) said on "Later with Bob Costas" he took a lot
of acid after returning from Vietnam. See " CIA Killed JFK " on my website.

Stravinsky – Composer ( LSD ??)

Ram Daas – psychologist, author, guru

Rather, Dan – (source: Ladies Home Journal. July 1980.) Rather acts like a zombi now.

The Rolling Stones – (rock-and-roll) Listen to Their Satanic Majesties' Request

Warhol, Andy – artist (I liked "Factory" workers, Candy Darling & Mora Moynihan)

Watts, Allen – Zen philosopher, master's degree in religion, doctorate in divinity, author: "The Joyous
Cosmology", "Zen Sticks, Zen Bones", "The Taboo against Knowing Who You Are", "The Wisdom of
Insecurity".

Wiel, Andrew – physician, psychopharmacologist, anthropologist, fire-walker, alternative health expert,
author: "The Natural Mind", "Spontaneous Healing", "8 Weeks to Optimum Health" marijuana, peyote, yage
(S. American hallucinogen) Lives is Tucson AZ too. He writes that LSD is pharmocologicly safe but not for
unstable minds, ie, you won't die from an overdose unless you do something stupid.

Wilson, Brian – The Beach Boys

Wozniak, Steve – Apple Computer co-founder

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